Digital image correlation (DIC) is widely used as a tool to measure displacements and surface strains. The generation of speckle pattern in DIC technique has some limitations. In addition to spray paint, other techniques including laser speckle have also been proposed to generate speckle patterns. In previous studies, the use of DIC as a non-destructive technique has been limited to detect the surface cracks. In the current study, the feasibility of DIC for detection of subsurface defects was investigated. A laser beam was utilized to generate the DIC speckle pattern. The tensile load was applied to a polypropylene specimen containing an artificial subsurface defect. The DIC images were recorded and analyzed before and after loading the specimen. The results of surface displacement in the direction of tension and perpendicular to tension revealed the defect. To study further, the surface strains of the specimen were determined. In the obtained results, the strain concentration indicated the defect in the specimen. The approximate size and shape of the artificial defect are recognizable in the measured strain distribution.

In this paper, the capabilities of displacement curvature derived from static response data for finding the location and severity of damage in Euler-Bernoulli beams are assessed.Static response of a beam is obtained using the finite element modeling. In order to reduce the number of measured nodal displacements, the beam deflection is fitted through a polynomial function using a limited number of nodal displacements. An indicator based on displacement curvature obtained for healthy and damaged structure is utilized to identify the damage. The influence of many parameters may affect the efficiency of the method such as the number of elements, the value and location of applied load as well as noise effect is investigated. Two test examples including a simply supported and a cantilever beam are considered.Numerical results show that using the method, the locations of single and multiple damage cases having different characteristics can be well determined.

Turbine blades are one of the most sensitive and important hot parts of gas turbines, so that the efficiency and life of turbines are directly related to the operation of these components. Therefore, to prevent damage caused by high temperatures, they must be properly cooled. The common method of cooling these parts is to pass the cooling fluid through their complex internal channels. NONDESTRUCTIVE testing of thermography, is one of the new methods for detecting imperfections in these cooling paths which is considered in this article. Thermal loading is applied in an active manner by hot steam generator system. In order to identify the capability of this system in the detection of the residuals in the cooling system of blades, 3 kinds of different blades are studied and tested using active thermography. Results show the appropriateness of the system in detection of the blockages in all three blades. But it worth to notify that the success of the system is strongly related to the best detection of the system parameters as steam pressure, temperature and Fluid flow. So, the best parameters are chosen as: pressure of 2bars, ambient temperature of 25 oC and the maximum fluid of the hot steam.

Objectives: This research aims to provide an optical technique based on telemetry to non-invasively check the quality of apple fruit and determine whether it is healthy or unhealthy. Method & Materials:   In this research, diffuse reflectance spectrometry and spectrum-based imaging method have been used. Results: Optical properties of fruits, such as light absorption and scattering characteristics, change with biochemical activities during storage. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) system has been widely used for non-invasive observation of biological tissues. The results showed that the changes in chlorophyll, water and flesh texture of apple can be investigated and monitored non-invasively and non-destructively. We also observed significant differences in absorption and reduction of scattering coefficients between Iranian apples. Conclusions: The reflectometry method is a method of quantitative analysis of information obtained from various methods and is a safe and non-destructive method for evaluating fruits and food products.

The assessment of ripeness is a major part of quality EVALUATION and depends on several factors such as soluble solid content (SSC), acidity and firmness. Most of the methods THAT measure these qualities are destructive. So it is essential to develop an efficient and NONDESTRUCTIVE method for measuring internal attributes of fruit. The objective of this study was to investigate visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy method for prediction of SSC and pH of kiwi fruit. Near infrared spectroscopy is a fast and a NONDESTRUCTIVE analytical technique. One of the main advantages of NIR spectroscopy is that IT allows several constituents to be measured at the same time. Transmittance determinations in the 400-1000 nm range were carried out on samples which WERE separated randomly into two groups: first group for making calibration models and second one for quality predictions. Different data preprocessing and spectra treatments such as standard normal variate transformation (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), median filter and derivative were used to eliminate noise. Then calibration models were developed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). Performance of different models was assessed in terms of root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (r) between the predicted and measured parameter values. The correlation coefficient and root mean square errors of prediction to soluble solids content and pH were 0.93, 0.952 and 0.259˚Brix, 0.236, respectively. The results indicated the feasibility of Vis/NIR transmittance spectral analysis to predict SSC and pH of kiwi fruit in a NONDESTRUCTIVE way.

There are many approaches to food quality and safety EVALUATION and adulteration detection of agrofood products. These ways include destructive and NONDESTRUCTIVE. After NONDESTRUCTIVE tests, foods can be used and also we can apply all experiment case study for testing but in destructive test we can test just afew samples. Ultrasound is one of NONDESTRUCTIVE tests which can use in quality EVALUATION and fraud detection of agricultural, livestock and poultry products. Also from detection of foreign body in packaged and canned foods to microbial contaminant detection by ultrasound technique is available. Diagnostic ultrasound in food science is fast, low cost, portable and easy to lean. In this work, EVALUATION and application of diagnostic ultrasound has been classified in three parts which include: a. agricultural products b. livestock and poultry products and c. vegetable oils, juices and other drinking. At the end on paper challenge and some difficulties in ultrasound are given and some problems for solve and reduction of these challenges are given.

NONDESTRUCTIVE physical tests can be considered as recent trends for quality EVALUATION of agricultural products. Required information on postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables makes it possible to use their electrical properties as a novel method for NONDESTRUCTIVE quality EVALUATION purposes. In this study, the electrical resistance of harvested apple fruits (Golden Delicious variety) was NONDESTRUCTIVEly measured by developing and employing special plate electrodes using a load cell to adjust the force holding the samples between two electrodes. Electrical resistance measurements were performed at two frequencies; 120 Hz and 1 kHz. Precise fruit weight was also measured along with electrical resistance measurements. The relationship between the electrical resistance and the weight loss was investigated during the storage period. The experiment ran for a total of 24 days. Results showed that in the 15 initial days of experiment, the electrical resistance decreased by increasing the storage period. But with further increase in the storage period, the electrical resistance also increased. The loss of the fruit moisture content, during the early stage of storage, may be attributed to the decrease of the fruit electrical resistance. However, as the stored apples lost more moisture, the concentration of ions, in soft tissues of samples, highly increased and this could be responsible for the increase of apple electrical resistance during the final days of the experiment.

Human factors are among the main elements affecting the reliability of NONDESTRUCTIVE examinations (NDE). In a man-machine system, human reliability is affected by many factors (performance shaping factors) whose influence on reliability cannot be easily expressed quantitatively. This paper identifies and ranks 59 performance shaping factors by using a fuzzy reasoning method and proposes a procedure to measure them. This will determine the Quality Standard (QS) for a NDE system so that human reliability in ultrasonic NONDESTRUCTIVE examinations can be qualitatively evaluated.

Precipitation hardening is the most common method in the strengthening of aluminium alloys. This method relies on the decrease of solid solubility with temperature reduction to produce fine precipitations which impede the movement of dislocations. The quality control of aluminium alloy specimens is an important concern of engineers. Among different methods, non-destructive techniques are the fastest, cheapest and able to be used for all of parts in a production line. To assess the ability of eddy current as a non-destructive method in the EVALUATION of precipitation hardening of aluminium alloys, 7075 aluminium alloy specimens were solution treated at 480° C for 1 hr. and followed by water quenching. Afterwards, the specimens were aged at different temperatures of 200, 170, 140, 110 and 80°C for 8 hr. Eddy current measurements was conducted on the aged specimens. Hardness measurement and tensile test were employed to investigate the mechanical properties. It was demonstrated that eddy current is effectively able to separate the specimens with different aging degree due to the change of electrical conductivity during aging process.